줄어가는 인간의 수명

연금시장 2019. 3. 13. 23:18

인간의 수명이 계속 늘어나기만 할 것 같았는데 그렇지만은 않네요.
영국에서 2018년 3월이후 기대여명이 5개월씩 줄어서 남자 65세는 19.8년, 여자 65세는 22.4년이 되었습니다. 다시말하자면, 지금 65세인 분들이 평균적으로 남자는 84.8세 여자는 87.4세까지 생존한다는 겁니다.

부과방식의 공적연금은 그간 기대여명이 계속 늘어나는 통에 꾸준히 연금 수령 나이를 늦춰왔고, 그래서 재정부담이 커져갔는데, 이렇게 장수리스크가 줄어들게 되니 2.5% 정도 부채를 줄일 수 있을 것이라는 분석되고 있다고 합니다.

출처 : http://www.theactuary.com/news/2019/03/falling-life-expectancy-to-slash-pension-scheme-liabilities/

 

Falling life expectancy to slash pension scheme liabilities 

UK pension schemes could enjoy a significant fall in liabilities after the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA) last week slashed its life expectancy projections by almost half a year.

11 MARCH 2019 | CHRIS SEEKINGS
Declining longevity has accelerated ©iStock
Declining longevity has accelerated ©iStock


The institute’s Continuous Mortality Investigation (CMI) said life expectancy for men and women aged 65 has fallen by around five months to 19.8 and 22.4 years respectively since March 2018.

Moreover, its findings suggest that mortality improvements peaked in 2004 for males, and 2006 for females, with the decline in longevity thought to be a trend rather than a blip.

CMI mortality projections committee chair, Tim Gordon, said improvements were typically over 2% per year between 2000 and 2011, but have since fallen to around 0.5%.

“It’s now widely accepted that mortality improvements in the general population since 2011 have been much lower than in the earlier part of this century,” he continued.

“The causes of the slowdown, and whether these current low improvements will persist, remain a subject of considerable debate.”

The projections are based on the latest CMI_2018 model, which uses data for 1978-2018, and has been adjusted to place more weight on recent lower mortality improvements.

Gordon added: “The model reflects increasing evidence that the lower level of improvements may be due to medium or long-term influences, rather than just short-term volatility.”

It is thought that the latest longevity decline could put pressure on the government to reverse planned increases to the state pension age

Meanwhile, professional services firm Aon has calculated that the latest fall in life expectancy could slash average pension scheme liabilities by approximately 2.5%

However, the exact impact is expected to depend on the age profile of an individual scheme’s members and the valuation assumptions used.

“Insurers and reinsurers have continued to evolve their pricing models in light of emerging data,” Aon senior partner, Martin Bird, said.

“We expect these updates to the model to be routinely adopted, reflecting strong evidence that underlying longevity improvements are materially lower than seen in the first decade of this century.” 

 

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2백년간 인간의 수명은 두배로 늘었다

연금시장 2019. 3. 2. 22:29

인구통계학적 연구에 따르면 19세기 초 세계에서 40년 이상의 기대수명을 가진 나라는 없었다.

세계의 거의 모든 사람들이 극심한 빈곤 속에 살았고, 우리는 의학지식이나 질병에 대한 이해가 거의 없었기에 모든 국가의 선조들은 조기 사망을 준비해야했다.

이후 150년 동안 세계의 일부 지역에서는 괄목할만한 건강 증진이 달성되었다. 국가간 차이가 발생하였다. 1950년에는 유럽, 북미, 호주, 일본 및 일부 남미 지역에서 신생아의 기대수명은 60세를 넘었다. 그러나 그 이외의 지역에서는 신생아는 약 30세 정도 밖에 살 수 없을 것으로 예상되었다. 건강에 있어서 국가간 불평등은 1950년에 가장 극심했다. 노르웨이 사람의 기대수명은 72세였지만 말리는 26세였다. 아프리카 전체의 기대수명은 겨우 36세였기에 다른 지역의 사람들은 이들보다 2배 이상 오래 살 것으로 예상되었다.

아동 사망률의 감소뿐만 아니라 모든 연령대에서 기대여명이 증가함에 따라 기대수명은 연장되었다. 특정 국가에만 국한되어 있을지 몰라도, 이러한 기대수명의 연장은 인류 역사상 최초로 전 인류의 건강 상태를 개선시킨 획기적인 발전이었다. 수천년간 지속되었던 끔찍한 건강 상태가 마침내 종지부를 찍은 것이다.

한편, 1950년 이후에도 세계는 여전히 국가별로 차이가 나는 것처럼 보이지만, 건강 및 다른 많은 측면에서 세계는 급속히 진보했다. 오늘날 세계 대다수 국가의 사람들은 1950년의 가장 부유한 국가의 사람들만큼 오래 살 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 오늘날의 세계의 평균 기대수명은 북유럽을 제외하고는 1950년 어느 나라보다 높습니다.

이 그림은 지난 2세기 동안의 기대수명의 세계사를 요약한다. 1800년경에 신생아는 태어난 곳이 어디이든 기대수명이 짧았다. 1950년 신생아는 운이 좋아 좋은 나라에서 태어났다면 더 오래 살 수 있는 기회가 있었다. 최근 수십 년 동안 세계의 모든 지역이 상당히 진전되었으며, 1950년 최악의 지역이었던 곳이 가장 큰 진전을 이루었다. 1950년의 국가간 차이는 상당히 좁아졌다.

전 세계적으로 기대수명은 30세 미만에서 70세 이상으로 증가했다. 2 세기 동안의 진보 이후 우리는 조상보다 2배 이상 오래 살 것으로 예상 할 수 있다. 그리고 이 진전은 일부 지역이 아니라 전세계 모든 국가에서 우리는 이제 2배 이상 오래 살 것으로 예상할 수 있다.

지난 2세기 동안 건강 측면에서의 국가간 불평등은 놀랄만하게 해소되었다.

 

출처: https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-globally

Twice as long – life expectancy around the world

Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics.

This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on Life Expectancy.

How life expectancy is defined was explained by Esteban in his post "Life Expectancy" – What does this actually mean?

The three maps below show the global history of life expectancy over the last two centuries.1

Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19th century no country in the world had a life expectancy over 40 years.2 Every country is shown in red. Almost everyone in the world lived in extreme poverty, we had very little medical knowledge or understanding of disease burden, and in all countries our ancestors had to prepare for an early death.

Over the next 150 years some parts of the world achieved substantial health improvements. A global divide opened. In 1950 the life expectancy for newborns was already over 60 years in Europe, North America, Oceania, Japan and parts of South America. But elsewhere a newborn could only expect to live around 30 years. The global inequality in health was enormous in 1950: People in Norway had a life expectancy of 72 years, whilst in Mali this was 26 years. Africa as a whole had a life expectancy of only 36 years. People in other world regions could expect to live more than twice as long.

The decline of child mortality was important for the increase of life expectancy, but as we explain in our entry on life expectancy increasing life expectancy was certainly not only about falling child mortality – life expectancy increased at all ages.

Such improvements in life expectancy — despite being exclusive to particular countries — was a landmark sign of progress. It was the first time in human history that we achieved improvements in health for entire populations.3 After millennia of stagnation in terrible health conditions the seal was finally broken.

Now, let’s look at the change since 1950. Many of us have not updated our world view. We still tend to think of the world as divided as it was in 1950. But in health — and many other aspects — the world has made rapid progress. Today most people in the world can expect to live as long as those in the very richest countries in 1950. Today’s global average life expectancy of 71 years is higher than that of any country in 1950 with the exception of a handful in Northern Europe.

The visualization summarizes the global history of life expectancy over the last two centuries: Back in 1800 a newborn baby could only expect a short life, no matter where in the world it was born. In 1950 newborns had the chance of a longer life if they were lucky enough to be born in the right place. In recent decades all regions of the world made very substantial progress, and it were those regions that were worst-off in 1950 that achieved the biggest progress since then. The divided world of 1950 has been narrowing.

Globally the life expectancy increased from less than 30 years to over 70 years; after two centuries of progress we can expect to live more than twice as long as our ancestors. And this progress was not achieved in a few places. In every world region we can now expect to live more than twice as long.

The global inequalities in health that we see today also show that we can do much better. The almost unbelievable progress the entire world has achieved over the last two centuries should be encouragement enough for us to realize what is possible.

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